Long answer·Standard multi-step (3/5)·No calculator
Difficulty guide
The label describes the problem, not your ability.
1/5 - Foundational
Warm-up setup; checks one basic idea.
2/5 - Routine exam skill
Normal syllabus skill; usually one main rule or interpretation.
3/5 - Standard multi-step
Exam-style problem with multiple steps or a common trap.
4/5 - Hard exam skill
High-end exam problem; combines methods carefully.
5/5 - Challenge
Stretch problem beyond normal exam pressure.
Question
Lithium differs from the rest of group 1 in several properties. Use size, polarising power and hydration to explain two such differences qualitatively.
Total: 4 marks
(a) State why has high hydration enthalpy. (1 mark)
(b) State why lithium compounds can show more covalent character. (1 mark)
(c) Connect both features to the small size of lithium ion. (1 mark)
(d) Name the general idea illustrated by lithium's unusual behaviour. (1 mark)
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